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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread hormonal disorder that occurs among women of reproductive age. It lacks a single cause, and that is why the symptoms and severity differ greatly among different individuals. There are women who have irregular periods, women who are unable to gain weight or have acne, and women who find out about PCOS when they are attempting to conceive.

On a fundamental level, PCOS is associated with hormonal imbalance and the manner in which the body processes insulin. It is also influenced by genetics, lifestyle and environment. Knowing the causes of PCOS contributes to better management of the condition and provides informed decisions regarding the diet, treatment, and long-term health.

Causes of PCOS

PCOS is connected to irregular hormone levels. However, the exact causes of PCOS are not entirely understood. There may be a myriad of reasons that can cause the ovaries to struggle with the release of mature eggs, which, in turn, leads to cysts around them.

Some plausible causes identified for PCOS are:

1. Family History: History of PCOS within the family or genetically linked.
2. Increased Insulin Levels: Insulin is the hormone responsible for regulating sugar levels in the body. When there is insulin resistance, the increased insulin production can cause higher androgen levels, which is a direct cause of PCOS.
3. Obesity: Insulin levels are connected to obesity or being overweight. Higher weight also contributes to hormonal imbalance, causing the symptoms of PCOS.

Symptoms of PCOS

The symptoms of PCOS vary for every woman based on their lifestyle, health history, life stage, etc. Typically, women with PCOS present the following signs and symptoms:

1. Irregular/No Periods: A direct indicator of PCOS is an uneven menstrual cycle. Infrequent and irregular periods are the hallmark signs. Sometimes, the periods are prolonged, or you may stop ovulating altogether.
2. Excess Hair Growth: Abnormal body hair growth, known as hirsutism, is another sign of PCOS. It impacts areas like the face, chest, and back.
3. Weight Gain: Unexplained weight gain, especially in a limited period, is a sign of PCOS. It is primarily concentrated in the abdominal area.
4. Unstable Mood: As hormonal imbalance is a cause of PCOS, it also targets emotional states. Hence, you may experience stress and anxiety and go through depressive episodes.
5. Skin Conditions: Due to increased levels of androgens, skin conditions like acne, tags, and dark or thick skin markings are common.
6. Fertility Problems: As there is irregular or a lack of ovulation with PCOS, facing difficulty with conceiving is a symptom.

How is PCOS diagnosed?

If you notice the symptoms of PCOS, immediately consult with a doctor. You can go to a General Physician to check you for high blood pressure. They will then question your symptoms, lifestyle, and other health problems. Some other tests conducted to diagnose PCOS are:

• Blood tests to look for elevated levels of hormones and androgens. They are also used to check blood glucose levels and cholesterol.
• Ultrasound to check the size of the ovaries and identify cysts.
• Physical examination to check your pelvis and assess the health of your reproductive organs.

The types of diagnostic tests performed differ on a case-by-case basis.

Types of PCOS

PCOS is not a one-size-fits-all condition. It can present itself in different forms, depending on the underlying cause and dominant symptoms.

One common type is insulin-resistant PCOS. In this case, the body does not respond well to insulin, leading to higher insulin levels. Excess insulin stimulates the ovaries to produce more androgens, which can disrupt ovulation.

Another type is inflammatory PCOS. Chronic low-grade inflammation in the body may trigger the ovaries to release excess male hormones. This type is often associated with fatigue, skin issues, and unexplained aches.

Post-pill PCOS can occur after stopping hormonal birth control. While birth control does not cause PCOS, it may mask symptoms. Once discontinued, hormonal imbalances become more visible in some women.

There is also adrenal PCOS, where excess androgens originate from the adrenal glands rather than the ovaries. This type is often linked to stress and high cortisol levels.

Identifying the type of PCOS helps tailor treatment and lifestyle strategies more effectively.

Risk Factors for Developing PCOS

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing PCOS. These factors may act alone or together.

• Genetics play a significant role. Women with a mother or sister who has PCOS are more likely to develop it. While there is no single PCOS gene, family history increases susceptibility.
• Insulin resistance is one of the strongest risk factors. When the body struggles to use insulin efficiently, it produces more insulin to compensate. High insulin levels contribute to hormonal imbalance and ovulation issues.
• Weight gain, especially around the abdomen, can worsen insulin resistance and hormonal imbalance. It is important to note that PCOS can affect women of all body types, not only those who are overweight.
• Hormonal imbalance, particularly elevated androgens, increases the risk of irregular periods, acne, and excessive hair growth.
• Lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of physical activity, chronic stress, and irregular sleep patterns may increase symptom severity, even if they are not the root cause.

Understanding these risk factors allows early intervention and better symptom control.

Treatments for PCOS

A definite cure for PCOS has not yet been identified. Thus, the various polycystic treatment options focus on managing the symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term complications. They are tailored based on your condition. Some common treatment approaches include:

Lifestyle Modifications

A healthy diet and regular exercise are the most effective ways to manage PCOS symptoms. Doctors usually recommend an active lifestyle with a balanced diet to help manage weight, reduce insulin levels, and improve the body's ability to regulate hormones.

Medications

To control irregular hormonal levels, doctors recommend contraceptive pills. For increased estrogen levels, they administer anti-androgen medicines. Metformin, a type 2 diabetes medication, is also prescribed to treat PCOS in women. Other drugs may target symptoms like skin conditions, weight, body hair growth, etc.

Surgery

In rare cases, when PCOS causes fertility problems, a minor surgical procedure known as laparoscopic ovarian drilling is performed when the medications do not work. It involves destroying the tissues, producing androgens, and correcting hormonal imbalance.

Possible Complications of PCOS

If you have Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, you are highly likely to develop health problems such as Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia, obesity-related complications, preterm deliveries, infertility, and endometrial cancer.

Diet Tips for Managing PCOS

Diet plays a key role in managing PCOS symptoms. While no single diet works for everyone, certain principles support hormonal balance and insulin control.

• Focus on low glycaemic index (GI) foods. These foods release sugar slowly into the bloodstream and help manage insulin levels. Examples include whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and most fruits.
• Include lean protein in every meal. Protein supports blood sugar stability and helps control hunger. Good options include eggs, fish, tofu, pulses, and lean meats.
• Choose healthy fats such as nuts, seeds, olive oil, and avocados. These fats support hormone production and reduce inflammation.
• Limit refined carbohydrates and added sugars. Sugary snacks, white bread, and sweetened drinks can spike insulin levels and worsen symptoms.
• Eat regular, balanced meals. Skipping meals can lead to blood sugar fluctuations, which may aggravate insulin resistance and cravings.
• Stay hydrated and reduce excessive caffeine intake if it worsens anxiety or sleep issues.

Diet changes work best when combined with regular physical activity and stress management.

Managing PCOS: Take Charge of Your Health

PCOS is a challenging condition to deal with, but it does not define your life. Thankfully, the condition can be controlled with lifestyle changes and medications. By understanding its potential causes and symptoms and following the doctor's guidelines, you can take control of PCOS. The key is to stay informed and take the initiative about your health.

For financial support in managing PCOS, consider exploring ManipalCigna Health Insurance plans for women. The plans are designed to cover your unique health complications and ease your financial worries.

Conclusion

PCOS is a complex condition influenced by hormones, genetics, insulin resistance, and lifestyle factors. While its causes are not fully understood, early recognition and targeted management can make a significant difference. By understanding the type of PCOS, addressing risk factors, and adopting supportive dietary habits, many women are able to manage symptoms effectively and improve their quality of life. PCOS is a long-term condition, but with the right approach, it does not have to control your health or future.

FAQs

Is it possible to reverse PCOS symptoms with weight loss?

Weight loss can significantly improve PCOS symptoms in women who are overweight. Even a modest reduction in weight may help regulate periods, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce androgen levels. However, PCOS cannot be completely reversed, and symptoms may still require ongoing management.

Is medication always required? Or are diet and lifestyle changes enough to manage PCOS?

Medication is not always required. Many women manage PCOS effectively through diet, exercise, weight management, and stress reduction. Medication may be recommended if symptoms are severe or if lifestyle changes alone are not sufficient.

Does PCOS affect the menopause experience?

PCOS symptoms may change with age, but the condition does not disappear after menopause. Some hormonal symptoms may reduce, while metabolic risks such as diabetes or heart disease may continue. Regular health monitoring remains important.

Can women with PCOS get pregnant naturally?

Yes, many women with PCOS can conceive naturally. Ovulation may be irregular, but lifestyle changes and medical support, when needed, improve fertility outcomes. Early diagnosis increases the chances of a successful pregnancy.

Does PCOS increase the risk of diabetes?

Yes, PCOS is associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance. Maintaining a balanced diet, staying physically active, and monitoring blood sugar levels help reduce this risk.